LoRa Sensor Node

Two-node raw LoRa P2P link for environmental sensing using Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 V3 boards (ESP32-S3 + SX1262). Not LoRaWAN – direct radio-to-radio communication with SPI-level debugging.

Hardware

Component Qty Description
Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 V3 2 ESP32-S3 + SX1262 + OLED, onboard u.FL
DHT11 1 Temperature/humidity sensor
Logic analyzer 1 24MHz 8CH for SPI captures

Radio Configuration

Parameter Value
Frequency 915 MHz (US ISM)
Spreading Factor SF9
Bandwidth 125 kHz
Coding Rate 4/7
TX Power 14 dBm

Packet format: T:23.4 H:61.2 N:0042 – plain ASCII with sequence number for tracking packet loss.

LoRa Physical Layer

LoRa uses chirp spread spectrum (CSS). Higher spreading factor = longer range but lower data rate:

SF Data Rate Sensitivity Range (LoS)
SF7 ~5.5 kbps -123 dBm 2-3 km
SF9 ~1.8 kbps -129 dBm 5-7 km
SF12 ~250 bps -137 dBm 10-15 km

SF9 is the default – good balance of range and airtime for sensor reporting.

Milestones

  1. Environment setup and board validation
  2. TX firmware – periodic sensor read + LoRa transmit
  3. RX firmware – receive, parse, display on OLED
  4. SPI captures – logic analyzer traces of SX1262 register writes
  5. Light sleep between transmissions
  6. Current measurement and power profiling
  7. Range testing outdoors